JAMB Biology Past Questions & Answers - Page 45

Air Pollutants

• Carbon Monoxide.
• Lead.
• Nitrogen Oxides.
• Ozone.
• Particulate Matter.
• Sulfur Dioxide.
• Other Air Pollutants.

The primary pollutants of concern in land and soil are heavy metals, such as lead, mercury and others, pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants, and pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics used for livestock management.

Nitrogen (N), nonmetallic element of Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table.

It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is the most plentiful element in Earth's atmosphere and is a constituent of all living matter.

Exosmosis is the movement of water outside the cells when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution.

The cell becomes flaccid when the water moves outside.

• The most familiar invertebrates include the Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Echinodermata, Mollusca and Arthropoda.
•  Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column, derived from the notochord.

The functional group in a food chain include:

Primary producer → Primary consumer → Secondary consumer

Grass, grasshopper, toad, snake, hawk

• cold-bloodedness.
• The teeth of reptiles are also less specialized in function than are mammalian teeth.
• a dry skin with scales but not feathers (a characteristic of birds) or hair (a characteristic of mammals);

NB: Birds do not have teeth, although they may have ridges on their bills that help them grip food.

       Birds swallow their food whole, and their gizzard (a muscular part of their stomach) grinds up the food so they can digest it.